Singlecell rna sequencing of trypanosoma brucei from. This specific parasite causes trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness, in humans. Travelers who plan to spend a lot of time outdoors or. Adult bloodfeeding tsetse flies, trypanosomes, microbiota and the fluctuating environment in subsaharan africa article pdf available in the isme journal 97 december 2014 with 299 reads. They are transmitted to humans by tsetse fly glossina genus bites which have acquired their. Tsetse flies and trypanosomosis in south africa and the reentry of south africa into the field of tsetse and trypanosomosis research. The medically important species and subspecies belong to the morsitans and palpalis groups.
Faoiaea standard operating procedures for massrearing. This paper tests the hypothesis that the tsetse reduced the ability of africans to generate an agricultural surplus historically. In contrast to other dipteran vectors, both male and female tsetse feed on blood, taking a new blood meal every few. The remaining four tsetse flies were captured during the rainy season two flies at trapping site 7, one fly at trapping site 6, and one fly at trapping site 8. Tsetse flies transmit parasites that induce fatal diseases in both humans and animals. Predicted distribution of tsetse fly in africa, 2000 source. Pan african tsetse and trypanosomiasis eradication campaign. Glossina are the sole cyclical vectors of african trypanosomoses. Epidemiology tsetse flies infest 10 million square kilometres and affect 37 countries, mostly in africa, where it is known as nagana. The tsetse fly catches can also be sorted by age or. The authors use a quantitative modelling framework to describe and explore the features of the biology of tsetse flies glossina spp. This slow rate of reproduction means that tsetse populations can be eradicated by killing just 23% of the female population per day.
While extensive knowledge on the interactions between bloodstreamform parasites and their mammalian host exists, information on the in vivo tsetsespecific trypanosome stages is sparse. Traps and targets are a key component of largescale interventions against tsetse, including the. Safarieyes, would love to know which repeleant works on tsetse. As said above they are often found in pockets and you can then rush through the pocket. Highthroughput rna sequencing rnaseq analysis from the midgut, cardia, and sg tissues of parasitized tsetse flies. Distribution and density of tsetse flies glossinidae.
The flies resemble normal house flies, but can be identified by two distinguishing characteristics. The tsetse fly is attracted to bright colors, very dark colors, metallic fabric, and the color blue. It had long been known that domestic stock could not be kept where tsetse flies occurred and that disease was associated with the flies. Tsetse massrearingis simplified in the laboratory because only two developmental stages need to be considered, i. Examples are the percentage of females caught by a trap, the density of tsetse living in an area, and the distribution of resting sites. The word tsetse means fly in tswana, and refers to all 23 species of the fly genus glossina. Chemical control when chemical agents are used to combat tsetse flies, it must be taken into account that tsetse flies spend about 50% of their lifespan under the ground as pupae. For a variety of reasons, game destruction as a method of fly control is gradually being replaced by other methods. Automation for tsetse mass rearing for use in sterile.
There are 23 species of tsetse flies that can be found in the midcontinental africa. Developing a continental atlas of the distribution and trypanosomal. Glossinidae are an ancient taxon of one genus,glossina, and limited species diversity. Malawi fights tsetse flies, disease after wildlife relocated. African trypanosomiasis, also called african sleeping sickness, is a parasitic disease spread by the tsetse fly. Agents disappear within a few hours after death of the vertebrate host. Predicting the distribution of tsetse flies in west africa. Packer trypanosomiasis and land use in africa tala research group, department of zoology, university of. The dermis as a delivery site of trypanosoma brucei for. Tsetse fly is an insect that belongs to the housefly family. In the fight against tsetse flies, blue is the new.
The sterile insect technique for control of tsetse flies. Yet, such animal production is crucial for the food security of numerous african populations, providing. In this june 1, 2002 file photo dead tsetse flies on display in a laboratory run by the international livestock research institute in ghibe valley, near addis ababa, ethiopia. More than 70 million people are at risk for human african trypanosomiasis hat in 36 countries. The below mentioned article provides notes on tsetse flies as vectors. People who live in or are traveling to subsaharan africa avoid tsetse flies because they bite, and can transmit the parasite trypanosoma brucei which causes human african trypanosomiasis hat, also referred to as african sleeping sickness. Three trypanosoma brucei stocks were used for infection of tsetse flies and mice, the antar1 strain and two transgenic lines of the pleiomorphic antat1. Tsetse flies as vectors with diagram biology discussion. Consequently there is high land pressure there, whereas in the fertile valleys and lowlands the population is sparse. African trypanosomiasis and its major vector, the tsetse fly, have drawn worldwide attention due to the devasting effects they cause in large areas of tropical. Malawi fights tsetse flies, disease after wildlife relocated 30 october 2019, by kenneth jali in this june 1, 2002 file photo dead tsetse flies on.
Bulletin of entomological research 88, supplement 1, s7s59. All are exclusively haematophagous and confined to subsaharan africa. At the website of program against african trypanosomosis paat distribution maps of the different glossina species may be consulted and downloaded as a pdf. There are 23 species of tsetse varying in size from 6 to 16 mm in length 1, 2. Travelers who go to subsaharan africa are at risk see map. Tsetse flies are found only in africa, where they occur in a belt south of the sahara deserts. Biological control of tsetse by the sterile insect technique. In this way the tsetse flies acquire and transmit the trypanosomes that cause nagana and sleeping sickness.
Glossina is the genus name for flies that fall under the common name of tsetse fly. Tsetse fly, genus glossina, also spelled tsetse, also called tiktik fly, any of about two to three dozen species of bloodsucking flies in the housefly family, muscidae order diptera, that occur only in africa and transmit sleeping sickness african trypanosomiasis in humans and a similar disease called nagana in domestic animals. Inside the tsetse fly, the parasite is able to survive and reproduce, infecting the fly for the duration of its life. Their present distribution has bean recently summarized by ford. Goats and soda for some unknown reason, the insects that transmit sleeping sickness in. A convenient and accurate measure of size is necessary for studies on the physiology of tsetse flies glossina. Glossinidae by gas chromatographic analysis of cuticular components volume 83 issue 4 d. The sterile insect technique for control of tsetse flies in africa by willem takken and michael weiss african trypanosomiasis and its major vector, the tsetse fly, have drawn worldwide. Integrated control of tsetse flies in africa from modelling to implementation by livestock farmers a nimal trypanosomiasis is a true obstacle holding back cattle rearing in countries infested by tsetse flies. The purpose of this coordinated research project crp automation for tsetse mass rearing for use in sterile insect technique programmes was to develop appropriate semi automated procedures to simplify the rearing, reduce the cost and standardize the product.
Tsetse flies are arranged taxonomically and ecologically into three groups. Of these, the complete removal of bush cover will always effectively eradicate tsetse flies, but in order to save time, labour and money, partial clearing selective or discriminative is. Collection, identification and dissection of tsetse flies. Some facts concerning the life of tsetse cannot be described for individual flies, but only for a group or sample of flies. Reproduction in tsetse flies is by adenotrophic viviparity, where the. Successful application of deltamethrin pouron to cattle in a campaign against tsetse flies glossina spp. Predicting the distribution of tsetse flies in west africa using temporal fourier processed meteorological satellite data by d. So glossina morsitans, glossina fusca and glossina palpalis are. For a more detailed description of the life cycle and general biology of tsetse flies, see stephen leaks excellent book leak, 1999.
The tsetse fly is unique to africa and transmits a parasite harmful to humans and lethal to livestock. The effect of the tsetse fly on african development. Tsetse flies, large biting flies, which populate most of midcontinental africa between the sahara and the kalahari deserts, are vectors for singlecell parasites known as trypanosomes. Symptoms include fatigue, high fever, headaches, and muscle aches. Conservation of tsetse flies at 10c in ice boxes vet.
African trypanosomiasis and its major vector, the tsetse fly, have drawn world wide attention due to the devasting effects they cause in large areas of tropical. Ethnic groups inhabiting tsetsesuitable areas were less. They feed solely on blood of humans, domestic animals and, of course, wild animals. For purposes of keeping records, tsetse fly catches are counted and recorded. The sterile insect technique for control of tsetse flies in africa iaea. Ecology and behaviour of tsetse food and agriculture. Noting that eradication of tsetse flies would significantly contribute to increasing human well being and productivity of crops and livestock and to reducing rural poverty on the african continent.
In the fight against tsetse flies, blue is the new black. Genetics, evolution, and role as vectors abstract tsetse flies diptera. Tsetse flies feed on the blood of vertebrate animals including humans and in doing so, transmit the sleeping sickness parasite from infected animals to uninfected ones. The tsetse are obligate parasites that live by feeding. Full text full text is available as a scanned copy of the original print version. In sw ethiopia the lowlands are infested by tsetse flies and so most people live and farm in the highlands. In humans, the parasite quickly begins to reproduce and in the advanced stage of the disease, it attacks the central nervous system. Pdf tsetse flies are the cyclical vectors of trypanosomes, the causative agents of sleeping sickness or human african trypanosomosis hat. They exist on the planet at least 34 million years in the unchanged form. Tsetse flies are bloodsucking flies of the genus glossina. Their present distribution has bean recently summarized by ford 1963 but more sccurate data for. Anyway to address the original post, tsetse flies are terrible little creatures.
Bouyer wednesday 04 february h30 identification of species, wing 9h00 3h ecology of tsetse flies 1h taxonomy and distribution of tsetse 1h dissection of tsetse principles 30 min j. Review of tsetse flies and trypanosomosis in south africa. Links to pubmed are also available for selected references. Human african trypanosomiasis hat is a neglected tropical disease that occurs in subsaharan africa, within the distributional limits of the tsetse fly vector. All these measures are important elements for an integrated approach to control the spread of vector. Tsetse flies are of paramount importance in africa because of their role as vectors of trypano some infections of man and domestic animals, which have had a profound effect on the economy and development of.
The slowprogressing form, caused by trypanosoma brucei gambiense, is found in western and central africa. The sunlight attracts tsetse flies into the cage, which get killed by the heat from the sun. The authors and publishers of these original drawings are also gratefully acknowledged. Microarchitecture of the tsetse fly proboscis parasites. Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 2. Tsetse biology, systematics and distribution, techniques. Tsetse flies include all the species in the genus glossina, which are placed in their own family, glossinidae. Two of the most significant vectors of sleeping sickness are. The polythene bag is used as a cage for holding and suffocating tsetse flies. A linear measurement provides an index of size that remains constant throughout the life of the fly, but the. Where the general climate is too hot, tsetse flies may make use of local cooler areas, for example along rivers having gallery forest, in which to live. Noting further that a multisectoral approach to tsetse fly and trypanosomiasis eradication.